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Nerve symptoms
Numbness, tingling or weakness that follows a defined strip of the arm or leg is a nerve problem rather than a muscle one. Those strips are mapped, so where you feel it names the level being irritated. A nerve can also be compressed well away from the spine, which changes the plan entirely.
Reading the signs
Each nerve root supplies a predictable strip of skin and a predictable set of muscles. Numbness along the thumb side of the forearm points at a different level from numbness along the little finger, and the strength tests change accordingly.
That is why the description matters more than the intensity. A vague ache across the shoulder is rarely a root; a defined band with pins and needles usually is. Where the neck is stiff as well, both are examined rather than one being assumed to explain the other.
Nerves also get compressed away from the spine, at the wrist, the elbow or under the collarbone. Testing at both ends separates those, because treating the neck for a problem sitting at the wrist buys nothing, and soft tissue work or loaded exercise may be the better fit.
The examination
You mark where the numbness actually sits, because its border carries more information than its severity.
That area is compared against the known maps to shortlist which root or peripheral nerve fits.
The spine and the limb are examined, since a nerve can be compressed at either and the plans differ.
Grip or ankle strength recorded as a number, so any progression is visible rather than debated.
Honest limits
Weakness that is measurably worsening between visits is the single finding that changes everything about the plan. It is why a number is recorded at the start rather than an impression, and why that number is taken again rather than asked about.
Numbness affecting both sides at once, symptoms arriving with loss of bladder control, or weakness spreading beyond the original strip needs medical assessment the same day rather than an appointment later in the week. The red flags page covers each.
Nerve symptoms also arise from conditions that have nothing to do with mechanics, including diabetes, thyroid problems and some vitamin deficiencies, and those tend to affect both sides evenly rather than following one strip. Where the pattern does not fit a mechanical cause, that is said plainly and you are pointed to the right starting point, with no referral needed to be assessed here first.
Related
The conditions that share this mechanism and the reading that goes with it.
The structural cause that most often sits behind a compressed nerve root.
Learn moreThe leg version of the same problem, named for the pattern it produces.
Learn moreStiffness that often accompanies arm symptoms and is examined alongside them.
Learn moreSustained positions that narrow the space nerves pass through at the neck.
Learn moreLoaded work that often matters more than passive care once symptoms settle.
Learn moreThe nerve findings that need medical assessment the same day.
Learn moreCommon questions
Anything specific to you belongs in the examination rather than on a page.
The numb patch on my arm told them which level it was coming from, more reliably than where it hurt.
Tested strength and sensation at the first visit and wrote it down, so there was something to compare against later.
Told me which changes would mean stopping and seeing a doctor instead. Nobody had given me that list before.
Explained why the pins and needles were following a strip rather than spreading everywhere, and what that ruled out.
From the blog
Next step
The area drawn out, the level matched against it, both ends tested, and a strength baseline recorded before anything is proposed.
General information, not medical advice. What applies to you is decided at the examination.